Influence of family and child demographic characteristics on the incidence of stunting
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34011/jmp2k.v36i1.3326Keywords:
child, demographic, family, stuntingAbstract
Background: Stunting cases in Surakarta ranked fourth lowest in Central Java. However, the stunting target in Surakarta is zero.
Objective: This study aimed to analyze the influence of maternal and child demographic factors on the incidence of stunting at the Gilingan Surakarta Community Health Center.
Methods: This research method used analytical observations with a case-control research design. The research subjects were obtained using a simple random sampling method consisting of 38 stunted toddlers and 38 non-stunted toddlers aged 24-59 months at Gilingan Surakarta Community Health Center. Data collection was done by distributing questionnaires to respondents. The statistical test used for bivariate analysis is the chi-square, and multivariate analysis uses multiple logistic regression.
Results: Bivariate analysis showed that maternal occupation (p=0.047) and family income (p=0.002) influenced the incidence of stunting. Multivariate analysis then found that maternal occupation and family income were associated with the incidence of stunting (p=0.005).
Conclusion: The conclusion in this study was that mothers' occupation and family income significantly influence the incidence of stunting. Therefore, there is a need for assistance in the form of additional food for toddlers from underprivileged families to meet their nutritional needs so that stunting can be prevented.
References
[1] World Health Organization, Reducing Stunting in Children: Equity Considerations for Achieving the Global Nutrition Targets 2025. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241513647
[2] I. Kusrini and A. D. Laksono, “Regional Disparities of Stunted Toddler in Indonesia,” Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1952–1956, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i3.10706.
[3] C. R. Montenegro et al., “The Pediatric Global Burden of Stunting: Focus on Latin America,” Lifestyle Medicine, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1–11, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1002/lim2.67.
[4] United Nations Children’s Fund, Southeast Asia Regional Report on Maternal Nutrition and Complementary Feeding. Bangkok: UNICEF East Asia and the Pacific Regional Office, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.unicef.org/eap/media/9466/file/MaternalNutritionandComplementaryFeedingRegionalReport.pdf
[5] Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, Pocket Book of Nutritional Status Study Results (SSGI) 2022. Jakarta: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://repository.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/id/eprint/4855/
[6] G. A. T. Ayuningtyas and K. Setyowati, “Synergy Between Stakeholders to Accelerate the Reduction of Stunting Rates in Surakarta,” Spirit Publik, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 184–202, Nov. 2023, doi: 10.20961/sp.v18i2.78902.
[7] Z. Kubeka and P. Modjadji, “Association of Stunting with Socio-Demographic Factors and Feeding Practices among Children under Two Years in Informal Settlements in Gauteng, South Africa,” Children, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1–15, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390/children10081280.
[8] H. Anastasia et al., “Determinants of Stunting in Children under Five Years Old in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Province: 2013 and 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey,” PLoS One, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1–17, May 2023, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281962.
[9] M. A. Al Ardha, E. Silamat, and A. S. Saputra, “The Socioeconomic Relationship with the Incidence of Stunting in the Cipadung Health Center Area, Bandung City,” Mahardika Health Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 35–39, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.54867/jkm.v10i1.155.
[10] F. D. Rufaida, A. M. Raharjo, and A. Handoko, “The Correlation of Family and Household Factors on The Incidence of Stunting on Toddlers in Three Villages Sumberbaru Health Center Work Area of Jember,” Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 1, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.19184/ams.v6i1.9541.
[11] Salman, F. Y. Arbie, and Y. Humolungo, “The Relationship Between Maternal Nutrition Knowledge and the Incidence of Stunting in Toddlers in Buhu Village, Talaga Jaya District, Gorontalo Regency,” Health and Nutritions Journal, vol. 3, pp. 42–53, 2017, [Online]. Available: https://jurnal.poltekkesgorontalo.ac.id/index.php/JHN/article/view/119/
[12] A. Devriany and D. A. Wulandari, “Relationship of Mother Knowledge About ‘Isi Piringku’ with the Incidence of Stunting of Children Age 12-59 Months,” Journal of Health, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 17–24, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.26630/jk.v12i1.2348.
[13] R. Marlani, M. Neherta, and D. Deswita, “Description of Maternal Characteristics Affecting the Incidence of Stunting in Children Aged 24-59 Months at Talang Banjar Health Center, Jambi City,” Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1370–1373, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.33087/jiubj.v21i3.1748.
[14] H. Hatijar, “The Incidence of Stunting in Infants and Toddlers,” Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Sandi Husada, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 224–229, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.35816/jiskh.v12i1.1019.
[15] D. Aprilia, “Differences in the Risk of Stunting Incidence Based on Age and Gender,” Jurnal Kebidanan, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 25–31, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.47560/keb.v11i2.393.
[16] Y. D. Wanda, F. Elba, D. Didah, A. I. Susanti, and F. R. Rinawan, “History of Basic Immunization Status is Related to the Incidence of Stunting in Toddlers,” Jurnal Kebidanan Malahayati, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 851–856, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.33024/jkm.v7i4.4727.
[17] U. I. Harahap, D. M. Gultom, and E. E. Hasibuan, “Analysis of the Effect of 4T in Pregnant Women on the Risk of Stunting,” Science Midwifery, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 4574–4580, Feb. 2023, [Online]. Available: www.midwifery.iocspublisher.orgJournalhomepage:www.midwifery.iocspublisher.org
[18] K. Sari and R. A. D. Sartika, “The Effect of the Physical Factors of Parents and Children on Stunting at Birth Among Newborns in Indonesia,” Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 309–316, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.3961/jpmph.21.120.
[19] Surakarta Civil Registration and Population Office, “Profile of Population Development in 2022,” Surakarta, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://dispendukcapil.surakarta.go.id/download/buku-profil-perkembangan-kependudukan-tahun-2022/
[20] F. Kartini and H. Fitriani, “Analysis of Mother Characteristics with Maternal Knowledge about Pentavalent Immunization,” Jurnal Ilmu Kebidanan, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 17–26, Mar. 2016, [Online]. Available: https://www.ejournal.akbidyo.ac.id/index.php/JIK/article/view/153
[21] O. K. Ar-Rasily and P. K. Dewi, “Factors Influencing the Level of Parental Knowledge Regarding Genetic Disorders Causing Intellectual Disability in Semarang City,” Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1422–1433, Oct. 2016, [Online]. Available: https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/medico/article/view/15599
[22] B. Ulfah, “Factors Associated with the Incidence of Stunting Status in Children Aged 24-59 Months in the Working Area of Cempaka Banjarbaru Inpatient Health Center in 2018,” Siklus: Journal Research Midwifery Politeknik Tegal, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 122–129, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.30591/siklus.v8i2.1356.
[23] K. Pibriyanti, Suryono, and C. A. Luthfi, “Factors associated with the incidence of stunting in toddlers in the working area of Slogohimo Health Center, Wonogiri Regency,” Darussalam Nutrition Journal, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 42–49, Nov. 2019, [Online]. Available: https://repo.unida.gontor.ac.id/1511/1/1%20jurnal%20faktor%20faktor%20%20yang%20berhubungan%20dengan%20november%202019.pdf
[24] H. I. Khoiriyah, F. D. Pertiwi, and T. N. Prastia, “Factors Associated with the Incidence of Stunting in Toddlers Aged 24-59 Months in Bantargadung Village, Sukabumi Regency in 2019,” PROMOTOR, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 145–160, Apr. 2021, [Online]. Available: http://ejournal.uika-bogor.ac.id/index.php/PROMOTOR
[25] E. Setiawan, R. Machmud, and M. Masrul, “Factors Associated with the Incidence of Stunting in Children Aged 24-59 Months in the Working Area of Andalas Health Center, East Padang District, Padang City in 2018,” Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 275–284, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.25077/jka.v7i2.813.
[26] E. Kusumawati, S. Rahardjo, and H. P. Sari, “Model for Controlling Risk Factors for Stunting in Children Under Three Years Old,” Kesmas: National Public Health Journal, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 249–256, Apr. 2015, doi: 10.21109/kesmas.v9i3.572.
[27] F. O. Aridiyah, N. Rohmawati, and M. Ririanty, “The Factors Affecting Stunting on Toddlers in Rural and Urban Areas,” e-Jurnal Pustaka Kesehatan, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 163–170, Jan. 2015, [Online]. Available: https://jpk.jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JPK/article/view/2520
[28] F. Danso and M. A. Appiah, “Prevalence and Associated Factors Influencing Stunting and Wasting Among Children of Ages 1 to 5 Years in Nkwanta South Municipality, Ghana,” Nutrition, vol. 110, pp. 1–9, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.111996.
[29] Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, “Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 41 of 2014 concerning Balanced Nutrition Guidelines,” Jakarta, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Download/109856/Permenkes%20Nomor%2041%20Tahun%202014.pdf
[30] D. N. Fadzila and E. P. Tertiyus, “Household Food Security of Stunted Children Aged 6-23 Months in Wilangan, Nganjuk District,” Amerta Nutrition, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 18–23, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.20473/amnt.v3i1.2019.18-23.
[31] B. Sahiledengle et al., “Concurrent Wasting and Stunting Among Under‐five Children in the Context of Ethiopia: A Generalised Mixed‐effects Modelling,” Matern Child Nutr, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1–20, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1111/mcn.13483.
[32] F. Abdulla, A. Rahman, and Md. M. Hossain, “Prevalence and Risk Predictors of Childhood Stunting in Bangladesh,” PLoS One, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1–20, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279901.
[33] C. K. Sari and Y. Sari, “Factors Related to the Incidence of Stunting in Toddlers,” Holistik Jurnal Kesehatan, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 697–707, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.33024/hjk.v17i8.12491.
[34] M. L. T. Berendsen, J. Smits, M. G. Netea, and A. van der Ven, “Non-specific Effects of Vaccines and Stunting: Timing May Be Essential,” EBioMedicine, vol. 8, pp. 341–348, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.05.010.
[35] M. T. Solis-Soto, D. Paudel, and F. Nicoli, “Relationship Between Vaccination and Nutritional Status in Children: Analysis of Recent Demographic and Health Surveys,” Demogr Res, vol. 42, pp. 1–14, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2020.42.1.
[36] R. Sato, “Association Between Uptake of Selected Vaccines and Undernutrition Among Nigerian Children,” Hum Vaccin Immunother, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 2630–2638, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1880860.
[37] H. Hasyim et al., “Systematic Review Environmental Factors’ Determinant Of Childhood Stunting In Indonesia: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis,” Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicinevol, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 11–19, Aug. 2025.
[38] R. E. Septiani, T. Mulyaningsih, and M. Mulyanto, “The Effect of Macroeconomics and Access to Health Service on Stunting in Indonesia,” Health Science Journal of Indonesia, vol. 14, no. 1, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.22435/hsji.v14i1.6440.
[39] Ulva Noviana, Heni Ekawati, Mufarika, M. Hasinuddin, and Mustofa Haris, “Mother’s Behavior Attachment Model in Care for Stunting Prevention in Bangkalan District,” Journal of Nursing Practice, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 57–66, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.30994/jnp.v7i1.415.
[40] I. Picauly, “Maternal Behavior Regarding Nutrition and Eating Culture of Children Under Five in the Stunting Locus Area, Nusa Tenggara Timur,” Journal of Maternal and Child Health, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 352–363, May 2024, doi: 10.26911/thejmch.2024.09.03.07
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Balgis Balgis, Anak Agung Alit Kirti Estuti Narendra Putri, Widana Primaningtyas, Khansa Firyallely Paramesti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
